Nigeria was amalgamated in 1914 by the British, combining the Northern and Southern Protectorates into one entity. This move, driven primarily by administrative efficiency and economic interests, was intended to create a more manageable colonial administration. Contrary to popular belief, there was no legal provision stipulating a 99-year duration for the amalgamation. It was meant to unify Nigeria’s diverse ethnic groups and regions under a single administrative structure, which continued until Nigeria gained independence in 1960.
Lord Frederick Lugard, the then Governor-General, orchestrated the amalgamation to unify the diverse territories and exploit the economic resources more effectively, particularly by integrating the revenue-rich south with the less economically vibrant north.
In recent times, the idea of revisiting the amalgamation or using it as a basis to split the country has resurfaced. Nigeria’s political landscape remains a complex tapestry of regional, ethnic, and religious interests. Calls to revisit the amalgamation often highlight underlying tensions related to power distribution, resource control, and ethnic representation.
Notably, recent calls from northern leaders, including the Northern Elders Forum (NEF), have questioned the current state of national unity and suggested that it may be time to reconsider the terms of Nigeria’s union. These discussions reflect ongoing regional and ethnic dynamics and are particularly salient given the current political climate. The shifting presidency between the north and south often reignites debates on the nation’s unity and structure.
While it’s essential to address these issues thoughtfully, it is equally important to approach any potential reconsideration with a focus on maintaining peace and stability. The goal should be to address grievances and seek solutions that promote national cohesion rather than driving a wedge between communities. Peaceful and constructive dialogue is crucial for any process that involves rethinking Nigeria’s union.
For example, Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993 through a peaceful process known as the Velvet Divorce. Similarly, the separation of Norway from Sweden in 1905 was achieved without conflict. These examples illustrate that it is possible to part ways amicably if that is the desired path.
As the biblical saying goes: “Now when all Israel saw that the king did not listen to them, the people answered the king, saying: ‘What share have we in David? We have no inheritance in the son of Jesse. To your tents, O Israel! Now, see to your own house, O David!'” (1 Kings 12:16). This scripture reflects a moment of division, highlighting the complexities of unity and the desire for self-determination. It serves as a reminder that if genuine national cohesion proves elusive, exploring new paths may be necessary, always with an emphasis on peace and mutual respect.
The sentiment for reconsideration is particularly strong in the East, where agitation for greater autonomy has been a persistent issue. The region has a history of seeking more autonomy, notably during the Biafran War from 1967 to 1970. More recent movements, such as those led by the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPoB), reflect ongoing calls for self-determination, driven by feelings of marginalization.
Most European countries, such as France, Germany, and Italy, are based on ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, which has contributed to their national cohesion. Countries like Poland, Hungary, Portugal, Greece, Finland, Denmark, and Sweden also demonstrate how shared ethnicity and language can strengthen national unity. In contrast, Nigeria’s diverse ethnic and linguistic landscape presents unique challenges but also opportunities. With proper management, this diversity can be a tremendous asset, fostering innovation, cultural richness, and a broader perspective.
As the late Chief Obafemi Awolowo wrote in his book Path to Nigerian Freedom, “Nigeria is not a nation. It is a mere geographical expression.” This quote underscores the ongoing challenge of forging a unified national identity in a country as diverse as Nigeria. Yet, with thoughtful management and a commitment to inclusivity, Nigeria’s diversity could indeed become a blessing, contributing to a stronger, more resilient nation.
